Electrical Service Adapter for Supply Side Interconnect

ABSTRACT

An assembly or adapter configured to provide a supply-side interconnect of electrical power to a distribution board. The adapter may be incorporated internal or external to the distribution board, by occupying the space of one or more circuit breakers, inserting an adapter into a meter termination socket, or the like. The adapter includes terminals provided to route the conductors from the utility to a breakout panel (or subpanel) for adding power devices as a supply side interconnect, and back to a regular route that may go through the meter and/or the main circuit breaker, and on to the loads. A switching component may provide an inline configuration that configures the conductors for backup function, and a parallel configuration that is a parallel interconnecting route when utility service is available.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/884,765, filed May 27, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 16/122,979, filed Sep. 6, 2018 (now U.S. Pat. No.10,700,498), which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.62/555,724, filed Sep. 8, 2017, the entire contents of each applicationare incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure relates to the field of electrical distribution boards.

Electricity may be generated at power plants and may move through acomplex system, sometimes called the grid or utility supply, ofelectricity substations, transformers, and power lines that connectelectricity supply and load devices. Local grids may be interconnectedfor reliability and economic purposes, and the local grids may formlarger networks that enhance the coordination and planning ofelectricity supply. The origin of the electricity that consumerspurchase may vary. Some electric utilities may generate all theelectricity they sell by using just the power plants the utilities own.Some utilities may purchase electricity directly from other utilities,power marketers, independent power producers, a wholesale marketorganized by a regional transmission reliability organization, and/orthe like. Consumers may utilize their own photovoltaic (PV, such as PVsolar panels) units and a direct current (PC) to alternating current(AC) converter (also known in the art as an inverter) may be used tosell their electricity to a utility company, use the electricity of thesupplier, supply their own electricity for certain periods of time,store their own produced electricity for later use, supply their ownelectricity when the local utility grid has a power outage, and/or thelike.

Sustainable power generation systems may increasingly be used incommercial and residential buildings both to augment the electrical gridsupply, as backup power sources, and/or the like. Sustainable powergeneration systems may include electrical generation systems based onsolar power, wind turbines, geothermal power, biofuel power,hydro-electric power, and/or the like. Similarly, backup generators maybe used to provide power during grid failure periods.

The background is not intended to limit the disclosed aspects offeatures, and not intended as limiting the application to a particularfield or problem

SUMMARY

The following summary is a short summary of some of the inventiveconcepts for illustrative purposes only, and is not intended to limit orconstrain the inventions and examples in the detailed description. Oneskilled in the art will recognize other novel combinations and featuresfrom the detailed description.

According to at least one aspect, there is provided an assembly thatincludes at least one utility-side electrical connector configured to beconnected to a power meter. The assembly also includes at least oneload-side electrical connector configured to be connected to a load-sideconductor of the distribution panel. The assembly further includes atleast one first mechanical lug electrically connected to the at leastone utility-side electrical connector. The assembly still furtherincludes at least one second mechanical lug electrically connected tothe load-side conductor, in which the at least one first mechanical lugand at least one second mechanical lug are electrically isolated.

According to at least one aspect, there is provided a method thatincludes mechanically connecting an assembly to an electricaldistribution panel substantially at a location of a main circuitbreaker, in which the assembly includes, for each pole of the maincircuit breaker: at least one utility-side electrical connectorconfigured to be connected to a power meter conductor, at least oneload-side electrical connector configured to be connected to a load-sideconductor of the electrical distribution panel, at least one firstmechanical lug electrically connected to the at least one utility-sideelectrical connector, and at least one second mechanical lugelectrically connected to the load-side conductor, wherein the at leastone mechanical lug and at least one second mechanical lug areelectrically isolated. The method also includes electrically connectingthe at least one utility-side electrical connector to the power meter.The method further includes electrically connecting the at least oneload-side electrical connector to a busbar of the electricaldistribution panel. The method still further includes electricallyconnecting at least one of the at least one first mechanical lug and theat least one second mechanical lug to an alternative electrical energysource.

As noted above, this Summary is merely a summary of some of the featuresdescribed herein. It is not exhaustive, and it is not to be a limitationon the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentdisclosure will become better understood with regard to the followingdescription, claims, and drawings. The present disclosure is illustratedby way of example, and not limited by, the accompanying figures.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a utility supply connected to adistribution board, according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 shows schematically a distribution board housing, according toillustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 shows schematically the electrical connections of a sockettermination, according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 shows schematically a socket termination with a meter insertedinto the socket termination, according to illustrative aspects of thedisclosure.

FIG. 5 shows schematically a block diagram of an adapter that may beapplied to a utility supply connected to a distribution board as shownin FIG. 1 , according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 shows schematically a block diagram an adapter that may beapplied to a utility supply connected to a distribution board as shownin FIG. 1 , according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 7 shows schematically a block diagram of an electrical system,according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 shows schematically a block diagram of an electrical system,according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure

FIG. 9 shows schematically a block diagram of further details of autilization unit, according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 10 shows schematically a first embodiment of an adapter forconverting a main circuit breaker to internal mechanical lugs, accordingto illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 11 shows schematically a second embodiment of an adapter forconverting a main circuit breaker to internal mechanical lugs, accordingto illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 12 shows schematically a third embodiment of an adapter forconverting a main circuit breaker to internal mechanical lugs, accordingto illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 13 shows schematically a fourth embodiment of an adapter forconverting a main circuit breaker to internal mechanical lugs, accordingto illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 14 shows schematically a fifth embodiment of an adapter forconverting a main circuit breaker to internal mechanical lugs, accordingto illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 15 shows schematically a sixth embodiment of an adapter forconverting a main circuit breaker to internal mechanical lugs, accordingto illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 16 shows schematically an isometric drawing of adapter in relationto a meter and a socket termination, according to illustrative aspectsof the disclosure.

FIG. 17 illustrates schematically an adapter in relation to a meter anda socket termination, according to illustrative aspects of thedisclosure.

FIG. 18 shows schematically a housing that includes an adapter,according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 19 shows a flow chart of a method for installing a meter adapter,according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.

FIG. 20 shows a flow chart of a method for installing a meter adapter,according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are aspects of adapters, devices, methods, and systemsfor interconnecting a power generation system (PGS) to a building'selectrical system. For example, an adapter may provide terminals, suchas mechanical lug terminals and/or the like, within/on/near thedistribution board, where the adapter is placed in a location usuallyoccupied by a component of the distribution board, such as a passivecomponent, an electrical meter, a main circuit breaker, a circuitbreaker, and/or the like. At least some of the adapter device, orpossible all of the adapter, may extend beyond the planned location ofthe component. For example, an adapter and some of the elements of theadapter may extend into the cavity of the distribution board. Forexample, a meter adapter may be located between the meter socket and themeter, and may extend beyond the location originally occupied by themeter to accommodate the terminals and conduits needed. For example, amain circuit breaker adapter may extend into the cavity of thedistribution board so that the main circuit breaker can be located atthe planned location, and the terminal lugs for a supply sideinterconnect may be located within the distribution board cavity.

The adapter connects to the conductors of the original component, suchas an input and output terminal for each pole of the component, butunlike the original component that may provide an electrical connectionbetween the input and the output terminals, the adapter does notelectrically connect between the input and the output terminals. Theadapter instead provides the additional mechanical lug terminals thatmay be used to feed in electrical power from a PGS, relocate theoriginal component to a subpanel, and/or the like. For example, thesubpanel may further provide electrical components for feeding energyfrom an on-site PGS to the grid. For example, the subpanel may furtherprovide electrical components for switching between a grid supplyconnection to the loads, and a PGS supply to the loads, such as when apower outage occurs.

The functions of the original component may be preserved by the adapter.For example, the adapter may replace a main circuit breaker forinterconnecting the PGS, and the adapter may incorporate at least somefunctions of the main circuit breaker, such as ground fault protection,overcurrent protection, arc fault protection, and/or the like. Forexample, a meter adapter may comprise a socket for installation of theutility kilowatt hour (kWh) meter over the adapter front face. Forexample, a meter adapter may comprise a kWh meter for measurement of thegrid feed-in energy.

The adapter may incorporate some or all of the functions of thesubpanel, such as incorporating switches for configuring the PGS forgrid feed-in, configuring the PGS for backup load, and/or the like. Forexample, the adapter incorporates a circuit breaker for the PGS feed-into the grid. For example, the adapter incorporates one or more sensorsfor computing the performance of the PGS.

The adapter may be incorporated into an adapter kit, such as byproviding components that are configured to connect to the distributionboard at the location of an original component. The adapter kit mayprovide double-ended (or double-sided) mechanical lug terminals tobypass the original component, such as double ended terminals thatconnect on one side to the distribution board's busbar, cable, wire,and/or the like, and terminals on the other end to accept cables from asubpanel, a power converter, a solar inverter, and/or the like. Themechanical lugs may be electrically isolated. The adapter kit mayprovide a front plate cover assembly, that is configured to cover a holein the dead-front (such as a cover for protecting an operator from “hot”conductors and the like) of the distribution board when the originalcomponent is not present.

For example, the adapter kit front plate is a set of two plates andscrew assemblies between the two plates. When the screw assemblies arerotated in a clockwise direction, the plates are pulled together. Bypositioning one of the two plates on one side of the dead-front abovethe hole, the other plate on the other side, and closing the screws, theplates are pressed against the dead front from both sides to secure theplates over the hole thereby eliminating the hole from the dead front.The adapter kit may provide a housing configured to enclose one or moredouble-sided mechanical lugs providing further isolation from othercomponents within the distribution panel. The housing may connect and/orposition the front plate assemble to prevent movement of the front plateassembly, assist in joining the front plate assembly, and/or the like.

For example, an adapter kit comprises double-sided terminals and a frontplate assembly configured for each specific make/model of distributionboard, or one or more kits may cover multiple types of distributionboard with at least some common features. For example, an adapter kitcomprises two or more sets of double-sided terminals (each setconfigured for at least one specific make/model of a distribution board)and two or more front plate assemblies (each assembly configured for atleast one specific make/model of a distribution board). For example, anadapter kit comprises two or more different sizes of front plateassemblies for different sized holes in the dead front. For example, theadapter kit comprises two or more different sizes and shapes of housingsconfigured for different makes and models of distribution boards. Thebenefits of the adapter kit may include reducing the time forinstallation of a secondary electrical service (PGS), including a backupelectrical generator, a solar power generation system, a wind turbinepower generation system, and/or the like.

For example, the adapter kit may mitigate the need to replace thedistribution board. For example, the adapter kit may mitigate the needfor a representative of the utility company form making two visits toassist in assembling a supply side interconnect. The electricalcontractor, in this example, may install the PGS, and prepare allcabling required for the supply side interconnect, and a representativeof the utility company may arrive to the installation, pull theelectrical meter, and inspect the PGS system and wiring. The electricalcontractor, in this example, may assemble the adapter kit in thedistribution board and connect the cables to the PGS. The utilitycompany representative may then inspect the wiring and/or the like, andreinstall the meter. This example may illustrate reduction in the timethat the utility company representative and the electrical contractorneed to complete the supply-side interconnection, as the utility companyrepresentative may visit the installation site once, instead of multipletimes.

The following examples describe aspects of an adapter incorporated intoa location reserved for a main breaker, a location of a utility powermeter, including a meter adapter/extender located between the originalmeter and the meter socket, and/or the like. Other locations of anexisting distribution board that may be used for one or more adaptersare load circuit breakers, interface cavities, distribution boardcavities, interfaces between a meter and a service disconnect box,and/or the like.

The description below is with reference to drawings that depictelectrical circuits, were single-line electrical connections may be usedinstead of dual- or triple-line conductors to reduce visual noise andincrease clarity of the figures. Each single-line electrical connectionindicated in the drawings may in practice be implemented using two ormore conductors. For example, with regard to FIG. 5 , PV unit 22 may beconnected to converter 24 a via two conductors—one connecting thepositive output of PV unit 22 to the positive input of converter 24 a,and one connecting the negative output of PV unit 22 to the negativeinput of converter 24 a.

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentdisclosure will become better understood with regard to the followingdescription, claims, and drawings. The present disclosure is illustratedby way of example, and not limited by, the accompanying figures.

In the following description of various illustrative embodiments,reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a parthereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, variousembodiments in which aspects of the disclosure may be practiced. It isto be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structuraland functional modifications may be made, without departing from thescope of the present disclosure.

The term “multiple” as used here in the detailed description indicatesthe property of having or involving several parts, elements, or members.The claim term “a plurality of” as used herein in the claims sectionfinds support in the description with use of the term “multiple” and/orother plural forms. Other plural forms may include for example regularnouns that form their plurals by adding either the letter ‘s’ or ‘es’ sothat the plural of “converter” is “converters” or the plural of “switch”is “switches” for example.

Prior to describing various aspects of the invention, a briefdescription of power generations systems that can an electrical serviceadaptor as described below is provided hereinbelow.

Sustainable power generation systems are increasingly being used incommercial and residential buildings both to augment the electrical gridsupply, as backup power sources, and/or the like. Sustainable powergeneration systems may include electrical generation systems based onsolar power, wind turbines, geothermal power, biofuel power,hydro-electric power, and/or the like. Similarly, backup generators maybe used to provide power during grid failure periods.

Electrical power generation systems, including photovoltaic (PV)systems, may be electrically connected to building loads and feed excesselectrical power to the electrical grid, through a circuitbreaker/distribution board, a combination service entrance device(CSED), a main breaker box, a load center, an all-in-one electricaldistribution board, and/or the like. As used herein, the terms circuitbreaker/distribution panel/board, combination service entrance device(CSED), main breaker box, distribution board, meter box, circuit box,electrical box, load center, and/or the like, may be usedinterchangeably, and mean one or more building electrical supply boxescomprising electrical supply components, including utility/supply/loadconductors (e.g., wires or busbars), one or more utility side protectionunits, one or more power/energy meters, one or more main circuitprotection breakers, load side circuit breakers, and/or the like. Thebuilding electrical supply components may be located in one or moreenclosures or boxes, where some of the boxes may be adjacent. Forexample, a single all-in-one electrical panel box may be partitionedinto a meter enclosure, a main circuit breaker enclosure, a load circuitbreakers enclosure, and/or the like.

The main circuit breaker provides a switch for main electrical shutoff,short-circuit protection, overcurrent protection, arc-fault protection,ground-fault protection, and/or the like. Electrical regulations, suchas the National Electrical Code (NEC) regulations, provide rules forconnecting the electrical panel to the grid and household loads, as wellas technical constraints for the main circuit breaker, and/or the like.The main breaker may be directly or indirectly connected to bus barswithin the panel box, where the circuit breakers for the household loadsmay be connected, and the main breaker may be electrically connected tothe electrical grid, and may be electrically connected to an electricalmeter maintained by the electrical supply service company. For example,the meter, main breaker, and individual load circuit breakers may belocated in a CSED located at a residence, building, office, and/or thelike.

Distribution panels, such as CSEDs, may be provided in many shapes,sizes, electrical configurations, and/or the like. Some CSEDs maycombine the utility company electrical meter, a main circuit breaker,load circuit breakers, alternative energy input terminals, and/or thelike. In some CSEDs, the utility meter is adjacent to the main circuitbreaker. In some CSEDs, the utility meter, main circuit breaker, and theload circuit breakers may be adjacent to each other, or may be abuttingeach other. The main circuit breaker within each CSED is speciallymatched to the configuration of that specific CSED. For example, themain circuit breaker has one or more external mechanical lugs forconnecting wires from a utility meter to the main circuit breaker,including external mechanical lugs for accepting a 2/0 AWG wire, a 3/0AWG wire, and/or the like. For example, the main circuit breaker has oneor more flanges with bolt holes to connect the main breaker to one ormore respective busbars. The wire gauge may be expressed in circularmils, such as Kcmil, MCM, and or the like. For example, a 3/0 AWG wireis 168 Kcmil, 168 MCM, and/or the like.

For example, the main circuit breaker may be manufactured by Eaton® andcomprises external mechanical lugs for connecting an aluminum or copper#12-2/0 American wire gauge (AWG) feeder wire, an aluminum or copper#4-300 AWG feeder wire, and/or the like. For example, the main circuitbreaker is manufactured by Square D and is compliant with a model QOM1configuration type, a model QOM2 configuration type, and/or the like.For example, the main circuit breaker comprises external mechanical lugs(for meter wires, busbar wires, and/or the like), bolt holes (forconnecting busbars, meter conductors, and/or the like), and/or the like.

For alternative energy harvested at a residence and supplied to theloads/grid, a load-side or supply-side interconnect may be used, whereeach interconnect type may be associated with further regulationsdefining the rules for attachment of the alternative energy source. Forexample, a solar energy system may be connected at the load-side of themain circuit breaker and the circuit breaker for the solar energy systemmay be located in the endmost circuit breaker position on the busbars,and may be located farthest from the main breaker. For example, a solarenergy system may be connected at the supply-side of the main circuitbreaker and the circuit breaker for the solar energy system is locatedin a sub-panel located between the utility meter and the main circuitbreaker.

Depending on the maximum power rating of the PV system, the PV systemmay be electrically connected to the supply-side or the load-side of themain breaker. For example, a high power PV system may be electricallyconnected with a supply-side interconnection. For example, a low power(e.g., less than 20% of the maximum rated load of the main circuitbreaker) PV system may be electrically connected with a load-sideinterconnection. The electrical regulations within each geographicregion may determine the power threshold for load-side or supply-sideinterconnection. For example, some districts require a PV system to belimited to 20% of the total rated panel power, and connected at theopposing end of the busbars from the main circuit breaker.

For example, a 100-amp load center with the 20-amp load sideinterconnect PV breaker may allow a PV system with an inverter outputrated current of 16 amps. The circuit breaker protecting the inverteroutput circuit may be at least 125% of the rated inverter output currentor in other terms, the rated inverter current may be no larger than 80%of the breaker rating (according to NEC 690.8). At 240 volts, this mayallow a maximum inverter rating of 3840 watts (240×16). Similarly, a200-amp load center with no change in the main breaker, may handle onlyup to an inverter rated at 7680 watts.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1 , which illustrates block diagram of howa utility supply 10 may be connected to a distribution board 19,according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure. Utility supply 10may be a single phase alternating current (AC) supply, a three phase ACsupply and/or a split phase supply of voltages L1 and L2 that areprovided at secondary terminals of a transformer, for example. The splitphase may come from the secondary of the transformer where a center tapof the secondary provides a neutral. Utility supply 10 may, for example,have a RMS voltage of 220 volts across the respective ends of thetransformer (L1 and L2) and two RMS voltages of 110 volts between L1 andthe neutral and L2 and the neutral.

Protection unit 12 may include fuses, circuit breakers, neutral link,earth/ground terminals (e.g., to terminate the conductors of a cable),conductors (conveyed in a conduit, trunking, bus bars, gland, and/or thelike, from utility supply 10 to protection unit 12 and from protectionunit 12 to meter 14), and/or the like. For example, protection unit 12may be located in the supply side of an enclosure, which may becertified by a utility company. The output of protection unit 12 mayconnect to the input of meter 14 again with the use of cables, conduitsand/or bus bars 11A. Similarly, the output of meter 14 may connect tothe input of main circuit breaker 16 and distribution board 19 viacables, conduits, bus bars 11B and the like. Distribution board 19 mayinclude a main circuit breaker 16, load circuit breakers 17, and/orterminals for the termination of loads, including lighting circuits orpower outlet circuits in a property.

Reference is now made to FIG. 2 , which shows a plan view of a housing18, according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure. Housing 18includes a gland 18 b that may be used to secure and attach a cable (notshown) to housing 18. The cable may include conductors that may beterminated in protection unit 12 (not shown) that may be located insidehousing 18 to the left of an isolation barrier shown by the dotted linein FIG. 2 . Meter 14 is shown mounted into a socket termination (notshown) that may be mounted in housing 18. The socket termination mayprovide female sockets that provide both an input connection to meter 14and may connect to an output of meter 14. Meter 14 may includecorresponding male plugs to enable meter 14 to be plugged into thesocket termination thereby mounting meter 14 to housing 18 and allowingthe electrical connection between protection unit 12 and the input ofmeter 14 as well as the connection between the output of meter 14 andthe input to distribution board 19. The connections between the outputof meter 14 and the input to distribution board 19 and betweenprotection unit 12 and the input of meter 14 may be by cables,conductors conveyed in a conduit/trunking and/or bus bars 11B. In theabove description, protection unit 12, the socket termination for meter14 and distribution board 19 are shown housed in housing 18, but may beseparately housed and/or mounted at some distance from each other inalternative implementations. The conductors from meter 14 may beconnected to a service disconnect, including main circuit breaker 16,and/or the like, through busbars leading to meter 14 socket, and frommeter 14 socket to main circuit breaker 16. Some conductors may belarge-gauge wire, cables, busbars, and/or the like. Electricalconnections may use a conduit, a trunking, a cable, a gland (e.g., cableconnectors), and/or the like, to secure and attach cables to housings,for example.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3 , which shows the electrical connectionsof socket termination 14 a, according to illustrative aspects of thedisclosure. Conductors labeled as L_(1in) and L_(2in) may be terminatedat terminals L_(1in) and L_(2in). Similarly, conductors labeled asL_(1out) and L_(2out) may be terminated at terminals L_(1out) andL_(2out). Conductors L_(1in) and L_(2in) may be conveyed from protectionunit 12 via bus bars, cables or by trunking and may be terminated atL_(1in) and L_(2in) of socket termination 14 a. Similarly, conductorsL_(1out) and L_(2out) may be conveyed from terminals L_(1out) andL_(2out) of socket termination 14 a via bus bars, cables or by trunking,and may be terminated at terminals located in distribution board 19, forexample, terminals of main circuit breaker 16. The neutral and theground lines are terminated in distribution board 19. The ground may bederived from a ground rod driven into the ground in proximity to housing18 and terminated in distribution board 19 for example. Between theconnections between utility supply 10, protection unit 12 and meter 14,connection and terminals may be provided to allow neutral and groundconductors to be connected to each other in order to fulfill groundbonding requirements, for example, and continuity of electrical ground,for example.

Reference is now made to FIG. 4 , which shows socket termination 14 awith meter 14 inserted into socket termination 14 a, according toillustrative aspects of the disclosure. The insertion of meter 14 intosocket termination 14 a may enable corresponding male plugs of meter 14to be mated with the female socket terminations of terminals L_(1in),L_(2in), L_(1out) and L_(2out) of socket termination 14 a. As such, theunplugging of meter 14 from socket termination 14 a isolates utilitysupply 10/protection unit 12 from distribution board 19. Furtherillustrative details of some of the parts of meter 14, for anelectro-mechanical version of meter 14, or alternatively a solid-statemeter 14, may be plugged into socket termination 14 a. Furtherillustrative details of some of the parts of meter 14 are shown assensors/coils L1 a and L1 b that may sense respective current throughand/or voltage at conductors L_(1in), and L_(1out) as a result of theload demand from loads terminated in distribution board 19. Similarly,sensors/coils L2 a and L2 b may sense respective current and voltagethrough conductors L_(2in) and L_(2out). As such, the current andvoltage through sensors/coils L1 a/L2 a and L1 b/L2 b drive theelectro-mechanical mechanism of meter 14 to give the number of kW·hconsumed by the loads terminated in distribution board 19.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5 , which shows an adapter that may beapplied to utility supply 10 connected to a main circuit breaker 16and/or distribution board 19 as shown in FIG. 1 , according toillustrative aspects of the disclosure. As mentioned previously, utilitysupply 10 made be a single-phase supply, a split phase and/or athree-phase supply of alternating current (AC) electrical power.Descriptions that follow, by way of example, include providing a splitphase of two live conductors and a neutral. A meter adapter 14 b may beinserted into socket termination 14 a and meter 14 inserted into sockettermination 14 a. Alternatively, a circuit breaker adapter 16 b may beinserted into the location of a main circuit breaker. As such, utilitysupply 10 and protection unit 12 may be isolated/disconnected from maincircuit breaker 16 as a result of adapter 14 b/15 b. Additionally, meter14 may measure power supplied to utility supply 10 and/or main circuitbreaker 16 from photovoltaic unit 22/converter 24 a, storage device26/converter 24 b and/or generator 28, as well as measuring power drawnfrom utility supply 10 storage device 26. As a result of the insertionof adapter 14 b inserted into socket termination 14 a and insertion ofmeter 14 into adapter 14 b, or alternatively the use of circuit breakeradapter 16 b, the output from utility supply 10 may connect the outputof utility supply 10/protection unit 12 into the input and/or output ofutilization unit 30.

As used herein, the term utilization unit 30 refers to a set ofelectrical components, possibly enclosed in a housing, which assist inutilization of an alternative electrical power source and/or service,where the set may include such components as switches, inverters,micro-inverters, circuit breakers, feed-in sensors, meters, controllers,and/or the like. The utilization unit 30 or parts thereof may beincorporated and/or distributed into other elements, including adapter14 b/16 b, a subpanel, a cavity of housing 18, and/or the like. Forexample, a utilization unit 30 is located in a subpanel. Components ofutilization unit 30 may be configured for AC power supplies, and in somecases DC power supplies as well, at least for some components. Thisdisclosure may describe these conductors as AC power conductors, but itmay be understood that the conductors may also be configured as DC powerconductors, for example, a low-voltage DC power conductor may comprise ahigher current rating than AC power conductors, and vice versa. Forexample, a 600-volt DC power may be converted to a 220-volt AC power,and the current of the AC power conductors may have a current rating 3times higher than the DC power conductors.

When adapter 14 b is inserted into socket termination 14 a but meter 14is not inserted into adapter 14 b, the utility supply 10 and protectionunit 12 may supply voltage on conductors L_(1in), L_(2in) into theinput/output (I/O) port 20 a of utilization unit 30, but not reachconductors L_(1out)/L_(2out). In this case, utilization unit 30, whichmay be located in a subpanel, may provide power form an alternate sourcethrough conductors P1, P2, and/or P3 in order to supply power to theloads connected to main circuit breaker 16 by conductorsL_(1out)/L_(2out) according to the descriptions that follow.

Power to the loads connected to distribution board 19 may be supplied bypower from utility supply 10 and/or power conductors P1, P2 and P3.Power conductor P1 may be provided as a result of the direct current(DC) power of photovoltaic unit 22 being converted to AC power byconverter 24 that may be a DC to AC inverter. A portion of the DC powerof photovoltaic unit 22 may also be provided to electric vehicle (EV)charger circuit 27. Alternatively or additionally, converter 24 aworking in conjunction with utilization unit 30, may further include thefeature of converting AC power from utility supply 10, AC powerconductor P2 and/or AC power conductor P3 to provide the DC powerrequired by electric vehicle (EV) charger circuit 27.

Similarly, AC power conductor P2 may be provided by the conversion of DCpower from storage device(s) 26 (e.g., batteries, super capacitors,flywheels) to AC by use of converter 24 b utilized as a DC to ACinverter. Alternatively or additionally, converter 24 b connected tostorage device(s) 26 working in conjunction with utilization unit 30,may further include the feature of converting AC power from utilitysupply 10, AC power conductor P1 and/or AC power conductor P3 to providethe DC power required by electric vehicle (EV) charger circuit 27 and/orthe DC power required to charge/recharge storage device 26.

AC power conductor P3 may be supplied from an AC generator 28 that maybe, for example, a wind turbine driven by the wind and/or fuel basedgenerator. AC power conductor P3 may be provided in the absence of powerfrom utility supply 10 and/or AC power conductor P1 if, for example, itis night time so that photovoltaic unit 22 is unable to generate DCpower. In sum, AC power conductors P1, P2, and/or P3 may supply thepower demand of loads connected to distribution board 19 and/oradditionally provide power onto utility supply 10 or re-charge storagedevice 26, for example.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6 , which shows an adapter that may beapplied to utility supply 10 connected to a distribution board 19 asshown in FIG. 1 , according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.FIG. 6 is the similar to FIG. 5 with a switch S1 provided in adapter 14b or 16 b. Switch S1 may be a manual switch that may, while in a firststate, allow a user to supply AC power to distribution board 19 directlyas shown in FIG. 1 (with utilization unit 30 optionally connected todistribution board 19 as depicted to provide power from PV unit 22and/or storage device 26 to distribution board 19), or, while in asecond state, via utilization unit 30 that forms a system similar to thedescription above with respect to FIG. 5 . A third switch position forswitch S1 in conjunction with other switches disposed in utilizationunit 30 may also be provided (not explicitly shown), which isolates bothutility supply 10 and the output of utilization unit 30 (L_(1out),L_(2out)) from distribution board 19. Switch S1 may be manually switchedfrom the first state to the second state to provide a path viautilization unit 30 for the power provided by utility supply 10.Utilization unit 30 may then provide switching, monitoring and/or safetyfunctionality as disclosed with regard to FIG. 9 .

Current ratings of electrical connections C1, C2, C3 and C4 may be inaccordance with the maximum current anticipated to flow through theelectrical connections. For example, when distribution board 19 is ratedto receive up to 200 A (200 amperes), electrical connections C1, C2, C3and C4 may be rated to conduct up to 200 A. The electrical connectionsbetween utilization unit 30 and converters 24 a and/or 24 b may be ratedto carry a reduced current provided by converters 24 a and/or 24 b, forexample, up to 50 A.

Reference is now made to FIG. 7 , which shows a block diagram of anelectrical system according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.Adapter 14 b/16 b may provide a first electrical connection C1 toprotection unit 12 and/or directly to utility supply 10 on a first end,and may provide a second electrical connection C2 to main circuitbreaker 16 and/or distribution board 19 on a second end. Adapter 14 b/16b may further be designed to receive meter 14 as described in thedisclosure herein. Adapter 14 b/16 b may further have a third electricalconnection C3 to utilization unit 30 and a fourth electrical connectionC4 to utilization unit 30. Electrical connection C1 may internally(inside adapter 14 b/16 b) be connected to electrical connection C3, andelectrical connection C2 may internally be connected to electricalconnection C4.

Utilization unit 30 (shown without optional display 35) may includeswitch S2 disposed between electrical connections C3 and C4, and switchS3 between electrical connection C4 and an electrical connection toconverter 24 a and/or converter 24 b. During a first mode of operation,switches S2 and S3 may both be ON, allowing providing power from utilitysupply 10 and from PV unit 22 and/or storage device 26 to distributionboard 19. In a second mode of operation (e.g., due to a grid outage,sensed by one or more sensors included in utilization unit 30, forexample sensors/sensor interfaces 33 of FIG. 9 , or due to a temporarilyhigh cost of power drawn from utility supply 10 reported, for example,via communication device 32), switch S2 may be OFF and switch S3 may beON, allowing providing backup power from PV unit 22 and/or storagedevice 26 to distribution board 19. In a third mode of operation (e.g.,during lack of production and/or malfunction in converter 24 a and/orconverter 24 b), switch S2 may be ON and switch S3 may be OFF, allowingproviding power from utility supply 10 to distribution board 19 withoutloading the circuit with non-generating or non-functioning elements. Ina fourth mode of operation (e.g., due to routine maintenance, fireand/or a different unsafe condition at distribution board 19), bothswitches S2 and S3 may be OFF, disconnecting main circuit breaker 16from all power sources.

According to some features of the disclosure herein, an additionalswitch S4 may be disposed inside adapter 14 b/16 b, between electricalconnections C3 and C4. Switch S4 may be optionally provided to enablemanually connecting and disconnecting of electrical connection C3 andelectrical connection C4. A manual switch may be particularly usefulwhere adapter 14 b/16 b is readily accessible to a system user (e.g.,where adapter 14 b/16 b is installed in a readily accessible electricbox) and where utilization unit 30 might not be readily available

Electrical connections C3 and C4 may each comprise one or moreconductors (e.g., electrical cables). Electrical connections C3 and C4may be disposed side by side in a conduit connected between adapter 14b/16 b and utilization unit 30.

Reference is now made to FIG. 8 , which shows a block diagram of anelectrical system according to illustrative aspects of the disclosure.In the system of FIG. 8 , switches S2 and S3 (and additional associatedcircuitry not explicitly depicted, including sensor(s)/sensorinterface(s) 33, one or more controllers 31 and/or one or morecommunication devices 32 of FIG. 9 ) are integrated into adapter 14 b/16b. This implementation may provide a benefit of not requiring a separateutilization unit 30. An additional advantage may include electricalconnection C4 connecting adapter 14 b/16 b to converter 24 a being ratedto conduct a reduced current. For example, when converter 24 a mayoutput a maximum current of about 40 A (40 amperes) and the full currentavailable to main circuit breaker 16 may be about 200 A, electricalconnection C4 (e.g., a conduit having two or more conductors, theconductors potentially of a substantial length, for example, whereconverter 24 a is on the roof of a house and distribution board 19 is ona low floor of the house) may be rated at the reduced current rate of 40A, potentially providing substantial cost savings. Additionally, FIG. 8illustrates PV unit 22 and storage device 26 sharing a common converter24 a, which may provide a single connection interface to adapter 14 b/16b.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9 , which shows a block diagram of furtherdetails of utilization unit 30, according to illustrative aspects of thedisclosure. A controller 31 (e.g., including a microprocessor,microcontroller and/or digital signal processor (DSP), or including ananalog control device) may connect to a memory device 36. Controller 31may serve as a central controller to other controllers that may beincluded in converters 24 a/24 b, DC to DC converters that may beincluded in photovoltaic units 22, EV charger circuit 27 and/or storagedevice 26. Communications interface 32 connected to controller 31 mayprovide communications between controller 31 and othercontrollers/communication interfaces included in converters 24 a/24 b,photovoltaic units 22, EV charger circuit 27 and/or storage device 26.The communications, based on a control algorithm running on controller31, may include control signals and measured or sensed parameterssensors/sensor interface included in converters 24 a/24 b, photovoltaicunits 22, EV charger circuit 27, and/or storage device 26 similar tosensor sensor/sensor interface 33. The communication may be conveyed byuse of wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth™ ZigBee™ etc.) or wired (e.g.,power line communications (PLC), a RS232/485 communication bus, acousticcommunication) and/or near field communications, for example.Communications interface 32 may communicate with a local area network orcellular network in order to establish an internet connection that mayprovide a feature of remote monitoring or reconfiguration of utilizationunit 30, converters 24 a/24 b, photovoltaic units 22, EV charger circuit27, storage device 26, and/or the like.

Switches 37 and activation thereof by controller 31 may enable power tobe provided to distribution board 19 from utility supply 10 and/or powerconductors P1, P2 or P3. Display 35 connected to central controller 31may be mounted on the surface of the housing of utilization unit 30, orwhen utilization unit 30 is included in adapter 14 b/16 b, may bemounted on the surface of the housing of adapter 14 b/16 b. Display 35may display, for example, the power delivered from conductors P1, P2and/or P3 measured by sensors/sensor interface(s) 33 as well how powerdelivered from conductors P1, P2 and/or P3 are currently being utilizedcompared to power supplied from utility supply 10. The comparison mayadditionally be realized by a user by virtue of display 35 being inproximity to power usage displayed by meter 14. Power usage displayed bymeter 14 may include indication of power supplied to utilization unit 30and/or power received from utilization unit 30.

Connected to controller 31 is safety and remote shutdown unit 34.Sensing by sensors/sensor interface 33 as well as sensed parameterscommunicated to controller 31 from sensors/sensor interfaces ofconverters 24 a/24 b, photovoltaic units 22, EV charger circuit 27and/or storage device 26 may be indicative of a fault condition or thata case of islanding (e.g., due to a grid outage) may be taking place.Islanding may be the condition in which a distributed generator (DG)that generates power from power conductors P1, P2 and P3 continues topower a location even though utility supply 10 is no longer present.Islanding may be dangerous to utility workers, who may not realize thata circuit is still powered, and under an islanding condition, a systemcontroller may cause disconnection of devices and/or may preventautomatic re-connection of devices. As such, safety and remote shutdownunit 34 may operate switches 37 and switch S1 to avoid islanding and/orto isolate a fault condition.

Described hereinbelow are aspects of a circuit breaker adapter, whichmay correspond to a main circuit breaker adapter.

A circuit breaker adapter may be used to place mechanical screw lugs forelectrical wires in the space normally occupied by the circuit breaker,which may correspond to the main circuit breaker. The dedicated adapterdevice may convert each electrical connection of the main breaker of thedistribution board to two or more internal mechanical lug terminals. Forexample, the adapter is used to electrically connect the wires from theelectrical meter to a PV system, place the main circuit breaker at analternative location within/outside the distribution board, connect therelocated main breaker to one or more busbars (including electricalconnectors and/or the like) in the distribution board, and/or the like.The internal mechanical lugs may be placed inside the adapter's housing(such as in the space occupied by the main circuit break), and an accessport provided for entry and exit of electrical conductors (that may becurrent and voltage rated according to the main breaker), including I/OAWG conductors, 2/0 AWG conductors, 3/0 AWG conductors, 4/0 AWGconductors, or the like. For example, the wire gauge is determined by acurrent rating of one or more component of the distribution board,including the main breaker current rating, the busbar current rating,the utility power meter current rating, and/or the like.

For example, the adapter device may be configured to mechanicallysubstitute the main breaker, including external/internal connectors forthe electrical wires/conductors from the meter and to the breakerbusbars. The adapter converts the space normally occupied by the mainbreaker to internal mechanical lug connectors that may be used torelocate the main breaker, and incorporate an interconnection for analternative power system. For example, a backup generator may beconnected to a distribution board by replacing the main breaker with theadapter, relocating the main breaker to a backup generator power board,including a subpanel, comprising the breakers and interconnections toelectrically incorporate the backup generator to the load breakers, andconnecting wires from the backup power board to the load busbars for theload center (load breakers).

The adapter may connect between an electrical distribution board and arenewable alternative energy source, such as a solar power system (suchas comprising PV units), a wind turbine power generator, a micro-powerplant (such as an electrical power plant powered by gas, fuel, coal,building exhaust heat, hydro, hydrothermal, and/or the like), and/or thelike. For illustrative purposes, a solar (PV) system is used as anexample. For example, an adapter is used to connect to a utilizationunit that interfaces to the inverter of a PV power generation system.

The adapter device may comprise one or more circuit breakers, one ormore sensors, one or more switches, one or more relay, one or moreelectrical meters, one or more inverters (including a micro-inverter),one or more shunt trip devices, one or more audible alarms, one or moreunder-voltage trip device, one or more arc-fault protection device, oneor more ground-fault protection device, and/or the like.

The adapter may comprise a cover for the distribution board faceplate,such that the hole or opening left in the distribution board faceplateleft when a main breaker is not present. For example, the adapter coverensures the faceplate has an electrically dead front as required by theUnited States National Electrical Code (NEC), or National FireProtection Association (NFPA) 70—a regionally adoptable standard for thesafe installation of electrical wiring and equipment in the UnitedStates.

The adapter may comprise a body that incorporates two or more mechanicallugs in addition to any mechanical and/or electrical connectors of themain circuit breaker. For example, the body may be mechanicallyconnected to the cover, and allows connecting the wires from the meterto the PV system, from the PV system to the main circuit breaker, andfrom the main circuit breaker to the load center circuit breakers.

The adapter may comprise a base that allows attaching the body to themechanical connector of distribution board where the main circuitbreaker normally connects. For example, the base comprises a mechanicallatch the grasps one or more tabs that secure the main breaker to thedistribution board.

The adapter may comprise modular parts, and may comprise a cover, abody, a base, and/or the like. For example, an adapter product comprisesa large number of covers and bases to fit a large number of distributionboards, and several bodies (and may include fewer than the number ofcovers/bases), each for a different embodiment of board wiring. In thisexample, the body, base, cover, and/or the like, may be selected basedon the distribution board installed at for a building, and the modularcomponents combined to produce the adapter needed for the installeddistribution board.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10 , which shows schematically a generalembodiment of an adapter 220 for converting a main circuit breakerlocation to internal mechanical lugs. Adapter 220 may comprise a cover221, a body 222, and a base 224. Cover 221 is mechanically configured tosubstantially fill a hole in a front covering of a distribution board soas to provide a dead-front to the distribution board when the maincircuit breaker is not present. Cover 221 may be modular andmechanically configured to connect to body 222. Body 222 may compriseelectrical connectors 223A, 223B, 223C, 223D, and the like, forconnecting electrical conductors, including wires, busbars, and/or thelike.

For example, electrical connector 223A may be configured to connect to apower meter. For example, electrical connector 223A may be electricallyconnected with a conductor 226A to electrical connector 223B. Electricalconnectors 223B and 223C may be configured to electrically connect to aPV system, including electrical connection by using electrical wires, aconductor, a busbar, and/or the like. Electrical connector 223B andelectrical connector 223C may be electrically isolated, includingisolation by way an isolator 226C. Electrical connectors 223C and 223Dmay be electrically connected, with such an electrical connection may bya conductor 226B. At least some of electrical connectors 223A, 223B,223C, and 223D may be comprised within cover 221 on a side of the coveropposite to the dead front of the distribution board. At least some ofelectrical connectors 223A, 223B, 223C, and 223D may be comprised withinbase 224.

Base 224 may be modular and/or mechanically connected to body 222. Basemay comprise one or more mechanical connectors, including connectors225A, 225B, and/or the like to connect adapter 220 to distributionboard, for connecting adapter to a distribution board frame, one or moredistribution board busbars, and/or the like. At least one or more ofcover 221, body 222, and base 224 may be modular and connectedmechanically.

Reference is now made to FIG. 11 , which shows schematically a secondembodiment of an adapter 200 for converting a main circuit breakerlocation to internal mechanical lugs. Adapter 200 is an exampleembodiment with mechanical lugs (201A and 201B) to connect meter wires(2 pole) and flanges (207A and 207B) for connecting two busbars on theload-side. Mechanical lugs (201A and 201B) may be respectivelyelectrically connected to supply-side internal mechanical lugs (203A and203B) using internal conductors (202A and 202B). Flanges (207A and 207B)may be respectively electrically connected to load-side internalmechanical lugs (205A and 205B) using internal conductors (206A and206B). Supply-side internal mechanical lugs (203A and 203B) may beelectrically isolated from load-side internal mechanical lugs (205A and205B) using electrical isolation (including an isolator 204A and 204B),with electrical isolation being accomplished by use of an isolationmaterial, an air gap, and/or the like. Adapter further comprises one ormore ports, including ports 208A and 208B, to allow entry of electricalwires form a PV system to pass into the internal cavity of adapter 200and electrically connect with internal lugs (203A, 203B, 205A, 205B,and/or the like).

Reference is now made to FIG. 12 , which shows schematically a thirdembodiment of an adapter 210 for converting a main circuit breakerlocation to internal mechanical lugs. Adapter 210 is an exampleembodiment with mechanical lugs (211A and 211B) to connect meter wires(2 pole) and flanges (217A and 217B) for connecting two busbars on theload-side. Mechanical lugs (211A and 211B) may be located on a lateralside of adapter 210, and respectively electrically connected tosupply-side internal mechanical lugs (213A and 213B) using internalconductors (212A and 212B). Flanges (217A and 217B) may be respectivelyelectrically connected to load-side internal mechanical lugs (215A and215B) using internal conductors (216A and 216B). Supply-side internalmechanical lugs (213A and 213B) may be electrically isolated fromload-side internal mechanical lugs (215A and 215B) using electricalisolation (214A and 214B), including electrical isolation accomplishedby use of an isolation material, an air gap, and/or the like. Adapterfurther comprises one or more ports, including ports 218A, to allowentry of electrical wires form a PV system to pass into the internalcavity of adapter 210 and electrically connect with internal lugs (213A,213B, 215A, 215B, and/or the like).

Reference is now made to FIG. 13 , which shows schematically a fourthembodiment of an adapter 300 for converting a main circuit breakerlocation to internal mechanical lugs. Adapter 300 comprises a housingthat defines an internal cavity 301 of adapter 300. A flange 307Aelectrically connects to a conductor from the utility meter using a bolthole 302A to connect the utility meter conductor. On the load-side, amechanical connector 307B may mechanically connect directly to thedistribution board frame, while a conductor 302B may electricallyconnect one or more busbars. An electrical conductor 306A mayelectrically connect conductive flange 307A to an internal mechanicallug body 305A. An electrical conductor 306B may electrically connectconductor 302B to an internal mechanical lug body 305B. A cylindricalcavity 304A in internal mechanical lug body 305A allows insertion of anelectrical wire from a PV system, and a set screw 303A allows firmlyattaching the PV system wire to the internal mechanical lug body 305A.Similarly, a second electrical wire from a PV system may be insertedinto a second, load-side cylindrical cavity 304B, and a second set screw303B allows firmly attaching the PV system wire to the internalmechanical lug body 305B.

Reference is now made to FIG. 14 , which shows schematically a fifthembodiment of an adapter 310 for converting a main circuit breakerlocation to internal mechanical lugs. Adapter 310 comprises a housingthat defines an internal cavity 311 of adapter 310. A mechanicalconnector 317A electrically may connect to a conductor from the utilitymeter using a conductor 312A. On the load-side, a mechanical connector317B may mechanically connect directly to the distribution board frame,while a conductor 312B may electrically connect one or more busbars. Anelectrical conductor 316A may electrically connect conductive flange317A to an internal mechanical lug body 315A. An electrical conductor316B may electrically connect conductor 312B to an internal mechanicallug body 315B. A cylindrical cavity 314A in internal mechanical lug body315A allows insertion of an electrical wire from a PV system, and a setscrew 313A allows firmly attaching the PV system wire/cable to theinternal mechanical lug body 315A. Similarly, a second electrical wirefrom a PV system may be inserted into a second, load-side cylindricalcavity 314B, and a second set screw 313B allows firmly attaching the PVsystem wire to the internal mechanical lug body 315B.

The mechanical lug may comprise a screw for securing an electrical wireto an electrical connection. For example, the lug comprises a metal bodywith a cylindrical cavity configured to receive an electrical wire, andperpendicular to the cylinder axis of the cavity is a threaded screwhole aligned with the center of the cylinder axis. When an end of anelectric wire is placed in the cylindrical cavity, a screw may bescrewed into the screw hole to secure the wire in the cavity, in whichthe wire may be secured in cavity by using a set screw. For example, thescrew may be a blind set screw with an internal-wrenching head,including a hex socket (Allen), a star (Torx™) socket, square socket(Robertson), a slot, and/or the like.

The mechanical lug may comprise a hole to secure the lug to the adapter,an external electrical connection, and/or the like. For example, a boltis passed through the hole to connect the lug to a busbar, an electricalconnector, and/or the like, and the bolt is secured to a screw hole orbolt to rigidly connect the lug. For example, the hole is located on aflange connected to the metal body of the lug, and a bolt secures theflange to a body of an adapter.

The adapter may comprise one or more ports for passing one or moreelectrical wires from an electrical device to one or more of theinternal lugs. For example, the adapter has two ports for a single poletype distribution board, and one port has an electrical wire goingthrough it from the PV system to an internal lug electrically connectedto the electrical meter, and the second port has a second electricalwire from the PV system to an internal lug electrically connected to theload-side circuit breakers. For example, a single port has a stadiumshape, a rectangular shape, an oval shape, and/or the like to allow twoelectrical wires to pass through the single port. The port may belocated on the top, bottom, or lateral sides of the adapter. The portsmay be located in the body of the adapter.

The main breaker may be relocated to a new location, whereby the newlocation may be within a utilization unit or subpanel. The main breakermay be incorporated within the adapter.

The following details may be incorporated for functionality of theadapter. Functionalities may be associated with technical features usedfor implementing the function(s). The following details mention anadapter and/or utilization unit, and other aspects may be disclosed asequivalent, including a subpanel, a portion of the adapter within thedistribution board cavity, and/or the like.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise one or more circuitbreakers, and may comprise thermal magnetic breakers. For example, anadapter comprises a main circuit breaker, for example, a 20 ampere (A)circuit breaker, a 30 A circuit breaker, a 48 A circuit breaker, a 300 Acircuit breaker, a 100 A circuit breaker, a 150 A circuit breaker, a 200A circuit breaker, a 300 A circuit breaker, or the like.

For example, the adapter and/or utilization unit comprises aground-fault circuit-interrupter (GFCI) breaker, including aresidual-current device, a residual-current circuit breaker, aground-fault interrupter, an appliance leakage current interrupter, anRCD, a combined RCD+MCB, a residual-current circuit breaker withovercurrent protection, a safety switch, an earth leakage circuitbreaker, a residual-current device, and/or the like. For example, thefollowing list is of different types of GFCI technologies that may beincorporated into the adapter:

Square D Homeline 20 Amp 2-Pole GFCI Circuit Breaker Model #HOM220GFIC,General Electric Q-Line 20-Amp Single Pole Ground-Fault Circuit BreakerModel #THQL1120GFP, Siemens 20 Amp Single Pole Type QPF2 GFCI CircuitBreaker Model #US2:QF120AP, Eaton Type BR 20 Amp 1 in. Single PoleSelf-Test Ground-Fault Circuit Breaker Model #GFTCB120CS, Murray 20 AmpDouble Pole Type MP-GT GFCI Circuit Breaker Model #US2:MP220GFAP, and/orthe like.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise an arc-fault circuitinterrupter in one implementation.

In another implementation, the adapter and/or utilization unit maycomprise a combination breaker, comprising any combination of arc-faultcircuit interrupter, GFCI, circuit breaker and/or the like. For example,an adapter comprises a dual function circuit interrupter utilizing bothGFCI and AFCI detection technology, and may comprise a combination arcand ground-fault circuit interrupter.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise one or more sensors.For example, an adapter may comprise any combination of the followingsensors:

a time sensor,a location sensor,a temperature sensor,an electrical current sensor,an electrical voltage sensor,an electrical energy sensor,an electrical power sensor,an electrical phase sensor,a humidity sensor,an electromagnetic radiation sensor,and/or the like.

The adapter device may comprise one or more switches. For example, asolenoid switch may be used to change from a grid-availableconfiguration to a backup power situation. For example, multipleswitches may be used to change between different configurations,including any combination of:

a grid-available configuration,a backup power configuration,a solar power configuration,a turbine power configuration,and/or the like.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise one or more electricalmeters. For example, an electrical power and/or current meter may beincorporated into an adapter for measuring standby power.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise one or more one or moresolar power inverters. For example, a micro-inverter may be incorporatedinto the adapter to feed power from the PV system to the grid, to supplypower to the distribution board loads, and/or the like.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise one or more shunt tripdevices. For example, a remote activated shunt trip may be incorporatedinto the adapter to enable emergency electrical shutdown.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise one or more digitaland/or analog communication devices. For example, a digitalcommunication transceiver may be incorporated into the adapter to sendand receive digital messages from a smartphone, a server, a laptop, atablet, and/or the like.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise one or more alarmand/or notification devices. For example, an acoustic alarm may beincorporated into the adapter to present an audible alarm to a user ofthe distribution board when one or more conditions exist, and may beincorporated in the distribution board, in the electrical grid, in thePV system, and/or the like.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise at least oneunder-voltage trip device.

A combination (including any combination) of aspects of embodiments maybe modularly incorporated into the adapter and/or utilization unitand/or subpanel according to the requirements for a particularinstallation.

The adapter may comprise a cavity extending past the original boundariesof the main circuit breaker, and may protrude into areas surrounding themain breaker, to allow incorporation of the lugs, sensors, meters,inverters, circuit breaker mechanisms, and/or the like. For example, theadapted incorporates a main breaker and mechanical lugs for asupply-side interconnection of a PV system, where the lugs may beincorporated into a portion of the adapter extending away from the mainbreak, the busbars, the meter wires, and/or the like.

Reference is now made to FIG. 15 , which shows schematically a sixthembodiment of an adapter 320 for converting a main circuit breaker tointernal mechanical lugs. Adapter 320 comprises a cover 321, body 322,and base 324. Body 322 comprises a main circuit breaker 323 andmechanical lugs 325A, 325B, 325C, and 325D, such that the main circuitbreaker is located in a typical position for the distribution board.Adapter 320 may be mechanically connected to the distribution boardusing connectors 326A and 326B. The lugs at least in part may be locatedat a position adjacent to the main breaker, but outside (at least inpart) the space normally occupied by the main breaker. The lugs may beadded to the distribution board for a supply-side interconnection forthe PV system without relocating the main breaker from the normalposition on the distribution board and avoiding possible regulationissues. For example, mechanical lug 325A may be electrically connectedto a meter as depicted in FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 8 . For example, mechanicallug 325B may be electrically connected to mechanical lug 325A and autilization unit (30 of FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 ) and thereby to a powergeneration system (22 of FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 8 ). For example, connectionC3 of FIG. 7 shows a connection between a utility side of an adapter anda utilization unit, and is juxtaposed in FIG. 15 . For example,mechanical lug 325C may be connected to circuit breaker 323, such asusing electrical connection C2 of FIG. 7 , and juxtaposed in FIG. 15 .For example, mechanical lug 325D may be connected to a load side of autilization unit (30 of FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 ) and thereby to a powergeneration system (22 of FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 ). For example, connection C4of FIG. 7 shows a connection between a utility side of an adapter 325Band a utilization unit, and juxtaposed in FIG. 15 . Mechanical lugs 325Aand 325B may be electrically isolated from mechanical lugs 325C and325D, such as in the adapters of FIGS. 10-14 . For example, an air gap327 may provide electrical isolation of mechanical lugs 325A and 325Bfrom mechanical lugs 325C and 325D.

The adapter and/or utilization unit may comprise a switch for connectinga battery backup in addition to the mechanical lugs for connecting thePV system. For example, the switch allows connecting a battery backupwhen the electrical supply fails and the PV system is not producingpower, for example, during the night, and/or the like. For example, thebattery backup may be connected before the power from the PV system isprovided to the busbars and subsequently to the load-side circuitbreakers. For example, the load-side circuit breaker comprises switchesthat may be tripped on command from another component, thusdisconnecting some of the loads from the distribution board when thebackup power is triggered, whereby the disconnecting may occur when theload is a non-essential load. For example, floor heaters may bedisconnected from the distribution board when the backup power istriggered.

Described hereinbelow are aspects describing details of a meter adapter,though such aspects may be common to all adapters. Any combination ofaspects from one type of adapter may be applicable to other types ofadapters. Use of a particular type of adapter as an example or toexplain the aspects of the details is not exclusive to that adapter andmay apply to all adapters. For example, a circuit breaker may beprovided in a meter adapter, a main circuit breaker adapter, a loadcircuit breaker adapter, and/or the like. Similarly, disclosed aspectsand/or details may be distributed between an adapter, a utilizationunit, a subpanel, a cavity, and/or the like.

Reference is now made to FIG. 16 , which shows an isometric drawing ofadapter 14 b in relation to a meter 14 and a socket termination 14 aaccording to illustrative aspects of the disclosure. Socket termination14 a may be mounted in an electric box (not shown). In some aspects,socket termination 14 a may be mounted in the same electric box as maincircuit breaker 16 and/or distribution board 19, and in other aspectssocket termination 14 a may be mounted in a different electric box thanthe electric box used to house main circuit breaker 16 and/ordistribution board 19. Socket termination 14 a may include bus bars 104configured to electrically couple to a utility supply (utility supply10). In some aspects, bus bars 104 may be replaced by connectors and/orconductors configured to electrically couple to the utility supplyconductors. The number of bus bars 104 may depend on utility supply 10,for example, when the supply of utility supply 10 is single phase theremay be one or two bus bars, and when utility supply 10 is three-phasethere may be at least three bus bars.

In some aspects, socket termination 14 a may have one or morereceptacles 103. One or more of receptacles 103 may be electricallycoupled to bus bars 104. Receptacles 103 may be configured to receiveconductive prongs protruding from meter 14 (not shown because of theangle of meter 14 as shown in FIG. 16 ). Conductive prongs protrudingfrom meter 14 may provide, when coupled to receptacles 103, a shortcircuit between receptacles 103 and output 105, such that currentflowing from bus bars 104 to output 105 may flow from receptacles 103through meter 14 and out through output 105.

In some aspects, between meter 14 and socket termination 14 a maycomprise adapter 14 b. Adapter 14 b may have female sockets orreceptacles 101 that may be similar to receptacles 103. Meter 14 mayelectrically couple to adapter 14 b using receptacles 101. In someaspects, meter 14 may also connect to adapter 14 b by fitting into slot100 of adapter 14 b. Slot 100 may be designed to serve as a receptaclefor a protruding exterior 106 of meter 14. Slot 100 may includeprotrusions/slots so as to enable correct insertion of meter 14 (thatmay have corresponding protrusions/slots) to adapter 14 b and/or slot100 may be of a certain orientation to ensure correct insertion of meter14 into adapter 14 b. Similar consideration may be made with respectprotrusions/slots to ensure correct insertion of adapter 14 b intosocket termination 14 a. According to some aspects, protruding exterior106 may lock into slot 100 with a locking mechanism (not shown), forexample, a latch, push-and-turn mechanism, etc. In some aspects, adapter14 b may be configured to output electricity through an output 107rather than output 105 connected to distribution board 19.

Adapter 14 b may have protruding prongs configured to connect toreceptacles 103 of socket termination 14 a. When protruding prongs ofadapter 14 b are connected to receptacles 103 of socket termination 14a, and protruding prongs of meter 14 are connected to receptacles 101 ofadapter 14 b, current may flow from bus bars 104 to output 107.According to some aspects, adapter 14 b may include output 107 coupledto conductors housed in a conduit 102. Conduit 102 may be connected tofront 108 of adapter 14 b. Output 107 connected to conductors housed inconduit 102 may be configured to electrically couple to a load,distribution box, storage device, generator, etc. According to someaspects, adapter 14 b may be a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 6 ,and according to other aspects, adapter 14 b may have a different shape,including a square shape, hexagon shape, decagon shape, etc. Accordingto some aspects, adapter 14 b may include conduit 102 connected to front108 of adapter 14 b, and according to some aspects, conduit 102 may beconnected to a different side of adapter 14 b. A rectangular shape ofadapter 14 b with conduit 102 connected to the front of adapter 14 b maybe particularly useful where a plurality of adapters 14 b are installedside by side, for example, in an electric box of a building havingmultiple housing units, each housing unit having a dedicated meter. Inthis case, a plurality of adapters 14 b are easily installed side bysaid, with conduits protruding from the front. In other cases, adapter14 b may be of reduced size by being round shape, a hexagon shape,octagon shape or decagon shape, with conduit 102 connected to the sideof adapter 14 b.

In some aspects, conduit 102 might not be featured, and output 107 maybe coupled to conductors configured to transfer electricity from output107 through one of the sides of adapter 14 b. According to some aspects,adapter 14 b may have an inner area 109 designed to house certaincomponents of adapter 14 b, including receptacles 101 and/or output 107,and to be sealed by meter 14.

According to some aspects, receptacles 101 and/or 103 may be positionedto prevent connecting respective conductive protruded prongs from meter14 and/or adapter 14 b to the wrong respective receptacles ofreceptacles 101 and/or 103. For example, receptacles 103 may have onereceptacle electrically coupled to a positive line from bus bars 104 andone receptacle electrically coupled to a negative line from bus bars104. As well as a positive and negative line, one receptacle may beelectrically coupled to the ground and one receptacle may beelectrically coupled to neutral. The positive and negative receptaclesof receptacles 103 may be slanted with regard to the neutral and groundreceptacles of receptacles 103. Another example may be the distancebetween the receptacles of receptacles 103. The positive and negativereceptacle may be distanced from each other at a first distance, and theground and neutral receptacles of receptacles 103 may be distanced at asecond distance different than the first distance.

Reference is now made to FIG. 17 , which illustrates an adapter 14 b 2in relation to a meter 14 and a socket termination 14 a according toillustrative aspects of the disclosure. Adapter 14 b 2 may be circularrather than decagonal as is shown in FIG. 6 . Adapter 14 b 2 may havereceptacles 110 that may be the same as receptacles 101 of adapter 14 bin FIG. 16 . Adapter 14 b 2 may have an interior 112 and an exterior114. Housed in interior 112 may be receptacles 110 and an output 113.According to some aspects, adapter 14 b 2 may be configured to connectto conduit 111 on exterior 114. Adapter 14 b 2 may have conductiveprotruding prongs (not shown) configured to connect to receptacles 103of socket termination 14 a. Receptacles 110 may be configured to connectto protruding conductive prongs of meter 14. Adapter 14 b 2 may beconfigured to connect to meter 14, with receptacles 110 connecting torespective prongs, by fitting exterior 106 of meter 14 into interior 112of adapter 14 b 2. Meter 14 may be fit into adapter 14 b 2 usingpressure or force. According to some aspects, fitting meter 14 intoadapter 14 b 2 may include a push-and-turn mechanism and/or a lockingmechanism, and may include a latch mounted on adapter 14 b 2 and arespective part mounted on meter 14 configured to connect to the lockingmechanism. In both FIGS. 16 and 17 , elements of utilization unit 30shown in further detail in FIG. 9 may be mounted and connected in thehousing of adapters 14/14 b 2.

Reference is now made to FIG. 18 , which shows a plan view of housing 18that includes adapter 14 b, according to illustrative aspects of thedisclosure. Meter 14 is shown inserted into adapter 14 b and adapter 14b is inserted into socket termination 14 a (not shown). Housing 18includes a gland 18 b (e.g., cable connector) that may be used to secureand attach a cable (not shown) to housing 18. The cable may includeconductors that may be terminated in protection unit 12 (not shown) thatmay be located inside housing 18 to the left of an isolation barriershown by dotted line. The cable may be used to connect utility supply 10to protection unit 12 (not shown) that may be located inside housing 18.A conduit or cable gland 32 may be made in housing 18 as part of aretrofit of housing 18 that includes adapter 14 b when theitems/components of utilization unit 30 are housed in the housing ofadapter 14 b according to certain features of the disclosure herein. Assuch, the output of utilization unit 30 (L_(1out), L_(2out)) may beconnected to distribution board 19 if, in accordance with certainfeatures of the disclosure herein, distribution board 19 is located inhousing 18. When distribution board 19 is located away from housing 18,then adapter 14 b may provide a gland or conduit 102/111 that enablesthe output of utilization unit 30 (L_(1out), L_(2out)) to be connecteddistribution board 19 via cable and/or conductors passing throughconduit 102/111 to be terminated in distribution board 19.

When utilization unit 30 is housed in another housing separate to thehousing of adapter 14 b, the output of adapter 14 b may be connected tothe input of utilization unit 30 via use of gland or conduit 102/111 viacable and/or conductors passing through conduit 102/111 to be terminatedin utilization unit 30. In this case utilization unit 30 may alsoinclude a gland or a conduit that enables connection between the outputof utilization unit 30 (L_(1out), L_(2out)) to distribution board 19that may be located inside housing 18 or housed in another housingseparate to the housings of utilization unit 30.

Reference is now made to FIG. 19 , which shows a flow chart of a method400 for installing an adapter, according to illustrative aspects of thedisclosure. Method 400 may involve connecting adapter 14 b to anexisting system and/or installation of a system to supply electricalpower to an installation that may include the features provided byutilization unit 30. The description with regard to FIG. 19 mayreference elements described in prior figures. The installation mayinclude the feature of providing power from utility supply 10 and/orpower conductors P1, P2, and/or P3 to a distribution board 19. In orderto safely work on the installation, an operative may ensure that circuitbreakers and/or isolation switches of protection unit 12 are turned OFFto provide a safe environment for working on the installation. At step401, meter 14 of FIG. 18 may be unplugged from socket termination 14 aof FIG. 16 , which may be housed in housing 18. Distribution board 19 ofFIGS. 5 thru 6 may be also housed in housing 18 of FIG. 18 or be locatedin another housing away from housing 18. As such, when distributionboard 19 is located in another housing away from housing 18, ways toconnect distribution board 19 to termination inside housing 18 may beprovided. Examples of ways to connect between utility supply 10,utilization unit 30 and distribution board may include cables, conduits,bus bars and/or trunking.

At step 403, adapter 14 b may be inserted into socket termination 14 a.With reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 , the insertion of adapter 14 b intosocket termination 14 a and without meter 14 plugged into adapter 14 b,the connection between utility supply 10/protection unit 12 anddistribution board may be disconnected.

At step 405, insertion of meter 14 into adapter 14 b enables aconnection of utility supply 10/protection unit 12 and distributionboard 19 to go via utilization unit 30. Insertion of meter 14 intoadapter 14 b enables a connection of utility supply 10/protection unit12 to I/O port 20 a of utilization unit 30 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5 ).

At step 407, an installer for example may check that the connectionbetween utility supply 10/protection unit 12 to I/O port 20 a is correctin terms of polarity, insulation resistance, ground/earth leakage, andcontinuity for example. The installer may also ensure that theconnection between the output of utilization unit 30 to distributionboard 19 is also correct. The connection between the output ofutilization unit 30 to distribution board 19 may be as shown in FIG. 18where conduit or cable gland 32 may be made in housing 18 as part of aretrofit of housing 18 that includes adapter 14 b when theitems/components of utilization unit 30 are also housed in the housingof adapter 14 b. The output of utilization unit 30 (L_(1out), L_(2out))may be connected to distribution board 19 when distribution board 19 islocated in housing 18. When distribution board 19 is located away fromthe housing of adapter 14 b (e.g., housing 18), adapter 14 b may providea gland or conduit 102/111 that enables the output of utilization unit30 (L_(1out), L_(2out)) to be connected distribution board 19 via cableand/or conductors passing through conduit 102/111 to be terminated indistribution board 19. Where distribution board 19 and/or utilizationunit 30 are separately housed and located away from housing 18, adapter14 b might not include the items/components of utilization unit 30.Cables and/or conductors passing through conduit 102/111 of adapter 14 bmay be terminated in I/O port 20 a of utilization and then cables may beprovided to connect between the output utilization unit 30 (L_(1out),L_(2out)) and distribution board 19.

When the connections described above are not made correctly as of theevaluation at step 407, they are corrected at step 409. Once theconnections are correct, normal operation of supplying power todistribution board 19 from utility supply 10 via utilization unit 30 maycontinue according to a configuration of controller 31. As such, thesupplying of power to distribution board 19 from utility supply 10and/or via utilization unit 30 may be by a number of modes of operationspecified by the configuration (e.g., the first, second, third andfourth modes as described with regard to FIG. 7 ). Additionally, theconfiguration may be updated, monitored and/or controlled by remotemeans via an internet connection or an operative in proximity toutilization unit 20, for example, using a user-device (e.g., a smartphone or tablet) providing the internet connection and/or the userdevice itself enabling the updates, modes of operation andconfiguration.

For example, an installation may presently not have approval for theinstallation-connected converters 24 a and 24 b to be used as DC to ACinverters to connect and to supply power to utility supply 10. As such,power supplied to distribution board 19 may be from either utilitysupply 10 or power conductors P1, P2, and/or P3. Use of power conductorsP1, P2, or P3 may commence when utility supply 10 fails (sensed bysensors/sensor interface 33), or when a consumer chooses to supply powerconductors P1, P2, and/or P3 instead of utility supply 10. Upon approval(e.g., by a relevant authority such as a utility company) of converters24, an update to the configuration of utilization unit 30 may be made soas to supply power to utility supply 10 and/or distribution board 19.

Reference is now made to FIG. 20 , which shows a flow chart of a method500 for installing an adapter, according to illustrative aspects of thedisclosure. Method 500 may involve connecting adapter 16 b to anexisting system and/or installation of a system to supply electricalpower to an installation that may include the features provided byutilization unit 30. The description with regard to FIG. 20 mayreference elements described in prior figures. The installation mayinclude the feature of providing power from utility supply 10 and/orpower conductors P1, P2, and/or P3 to a distribution board 19. In orderto work on the installation, an operative may ensure that circuitbreakers and/or isolation switches of protection unit 12 are turned OFFto provide a safe environment for working on the installation. At step501, main circuit breaker 16 of FIG. 2 may be dismantled fromdistribution board 19 of FIG. 2 , which may be housed in housing 18.Distribution board 19 of FIGS. 5 thru 6 may be also housed in housing 18of FIG. 2 or be located in another housing away from housing 18. Assuch, when distribution board 19 is located in another housing away fromhousing 18, ways to connect distribution board 19 to termination insidehousing 18 may be provided. Examples of ways to connect between utilitysupply 10, utilization unit 30 and distribution board 19 may includecables, conduits, bus bars and/or trunking, for example.

At step 503, adapter 16 b may be inserted into distribution board 19.With reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 , the insertion of adapter 16 b intodistribution board 19, the connection between utility supply10/protection unit 12 and distribution board may be disconnected.

At step 505, connection of utility supply 10/protection unit 12 anddistribution board 19 to go via utilization unit 30. As such, connectionof utility supply 10/protection unit 12 to I/O port 20 a of utilizationunit 30 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 5 ) establishes electrical supplyservice to distribution board 19.

At step 507, an installer for example may check that the connectionbetween utility supply 10/protection unit 12 to I/O port 20 a is correctin terms of polarity, insulation resistance, ground/earth leakage, andcontinuity for example. The installer may also ensure that theconnection between the output of utilization unit 30 to distributionboard 19 is also correct. The connection between the output ofutilization unit 30 to distribution board 19 may be as shown in FIG. 18where conduit or cable gland 32 may be made in housing 18 as part of aretrofit of housing 18 that includes adapter 16 b when theitems/components of utilization unit 30 are also housed in the housingof adapter 16 b. The output of utilization unit 30 (L_(1out), L_(2out))may be connected to distribution board 19 when distribution board 19 islocated in housing 18. Where distribution board 19 and/or utilizationunit 30 are separately housed and located away from housing 18, adapter16 b might not include the items/components of utilization unit 30.

When the connections described above are not made correctly as of theevaluation at step 507, they are corrected at step 509. Once theconnections are correct, normal operation of supplying power todistribution board 19 from utility supply 10 via utilization unit 30 maycontinue according to a configuration of controller 31. As such, thesupplying of power to distribution board 19 from utility supply 10and/or via utilization unit 30 may be by a number of modes of operationspecified by the configuration (e.g., the first, second, third andfourth modes as described with regard to FIG. 7 ). Additionally, theconfiguration may be updated, monitored and/or controlled by remotemeans via an internet connection or an operative in proximity toutilization unit 30, for example, using a user-device (e.g., a smartphone or tablet) providing the internet connection and/or the userdevice itself enabling the updates, modes of operation andconfiguration.

One or more illustrative aspects of the disclosure herein may include ageneral-purpose or special-purpose computer system including variouscomputer hardware components, which are discussed in greater detailbelow. Various embodiments herein may also include computer-readablemedia for carrying or having computer-executable instructions,computer-readable instructions, or data structures stored thereon. Suchcomputer-readable media may be any available media, which may beaccessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer system. Byway of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media caninclude non-transitory computer-readable media. Such computer-readablemedia can include physical storage media including RAM, ROM, EPROM,flash disk, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storageor other magnetic storage devices, or any other media that can be usedto carry or store desired program code mechanisms in the form ofcomputer-executable instructions, computer-readable instructions, ordata structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose orspecial-purpose computer system.

In this description and in the following claims, a “computer system” maybe defined as one or more software or firmware modules, one or morehardware modules, or combinations thereof, which work together toperform operations on electronic data. For example, the definition ofcomputer system may include the hardware components of a personalcomputer, as well as software or firmware modules, including theoperating system of the personal computer. The physical layout of themodules may be not important. A computer system may include one or morecomputers connected via a computer network. Likewise, a computer systemmay include a single physical device (e.g., a smart-phone) whereinternal modules (e.g., a memory and processor) work together to performoperations on electronic data. While any computer system may be mobile,the term “mobile computer system” especially may include laptopcomputers, net-book computers, cellular telephones, smart-phones,wireless telephones, personal digital assistants, portable computerswith touch sensitive screens and the like.

In this description and in the following claims, a “network” may bedefined as any architecture where two or more computer systems mayexchange data. The term “network” may include wide area network,Internet local area network, Intranet, wireless networks such as“Wi-Fi”, virtual private networks, mobile access network using accesspoint name (APN) and Internet. Exchanged data may be in the form ofelectrical signals that are meaningful to the two or more computersystems. When data may be transferred, or provided over a network oranother communication connection (either hard wired, wireless, or acombination of hard wired or wireless) to a computer system or computerdevice, the connection may be properly viewed as a computer-readablemedium. Thus, any such connection may be properly termed acomputer-readable medium. Combinations of the above should also beincluded within the scope of computer-readable media.Computer-executable instructions include, for example, instructions anddata that cause a general-purpose computer system or special-purposecomputer system to perform a certain function or group of functions.

The term “server” as used herein, refers to a computer system includinga processor, data storage and a network adapter generally configured toprovide a service over the computer network. A computer system thatreceives a service provided by the server may be known as a “client”computer system. The term “data” as used herein refers to a processedanalogue signal, the processing including analogue to digital conversioninto digital information accessible to a computer system.

It may be noted that various connections are set forth between elementsherein. These connections are described in general and, unless specifiedotherwise, may be direct or indirect; this specification may be notintended to be limiting in this respect. Further, elements of oneembodiment may be combined with elements from other embodiments inappropriate combinations or sub-combinations. For example, conductors C3and C4 of FIG. 7 may be routed side by side through conduit 102 of FIG.16 or conduit 111 of FIG. 17 . As another example, switch S4 of FIG. 7may be similarly disposed in adapter 14 b/16 b of FIG. 5 or adapter 14b/16 b of FIG. 6 .

All optional and preferred features and modifications of the describedembodiments and dependent claims are usable in all aspects of theinvention taught herein. Furthermore, the individual features of thedependent claims, as well as all optional and preferred features andmodifications of the described embodiments are combinable andinterchangeable with one another.

What is claimed is:
 1. An assembly comprising, for a phase of anelectrical distribution panel: a utility-side electrical connectorconfigured to be connected to a power meter conductor, a circuit breakercomprising a load-side electrical connector configured to be connectedto a load-side electrical conductor of an electrical distribution panel,a first mechanical lug electrically connected to the utility-sideelectrical connector, and a second mechanical lug electrically connectedto the circuit breaker, wherein the first mechanical lug and the circuitbreaker are electrically isolated.
 2. The assembly of claim 1, furthercomprising a front panel configured to provide a dead-front to theelectrical distribution panel.
 3. The assembly of claim 1, furthercomprising a port configured to connect electrical wires to the firstmechanical lug or the second mechanical lug.
 4. The assembly of claim 1,further comprising a base that mechanically connects to a mechanicalconnector in the electrical distribution panel, and wherein themechanical connector in the electrical distribution panel is configuredto attach the assembly to the electrical distribution panel.
 5. Theassembly of claim 1, further comprising a housing, wherein theutility-side electrical connector and the load-side electrical connectorare disposed within the housing.
 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein thehousing is mechanically connected to the electrical distribution panel.7. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the utility-side electricalconnector is configured to electrically connect to a power meter.
 8. Theassembly of claim 1, wherein the load-side electrical connector isconfigured to electrically connect to a load.
 9. The assembly of claim1, further comprising at least one from the group consisting of aswitch, a sensor, a relay, an electrical meter, an inverter, amicro-inverter, a communication device, a shunt trip device, an audiblealarm, an arc-fault protection device, and a ground-fault protectiondevice.
 10. The assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of theutility-side electrical connector, the load-side electrical connector,the first mechanical lug, and the second mechanical lug is configured tobe electrically connected to at least one selected from the groupconsisting of an alternative energy source, a battery backup, a solarpower generation system, a wind power generation system, a backupelectricity generator, a geothermal power generation system, a biofuelpower generation system, and a hydroelectricity power generation system.11. The assembly of claim 2, wherein at least one of the utility-sideelectrical connector, the load-side electrical connector, the firstmechanical lug, and the second mechanical lug is located under thedead-front of the electrical distribution panel.
 12. The assembly ofclaim 1, wherein the circuit breaker comprises at least one from thegroup consisting of a thermal magnetic circuit breaker, a ground-faultcircuit-interrupter breaker, a residual-current circuit breaker, and anarc-fault circuit-interrupter breaker.
 13. The assembly of claim 1,further comprising a sensor from the group consisting of a time sensor,a location sensor, a temperature sensor, an electrical current sensor,an electrical voltage sensor, an electrical energy sensor, an electricalpower sensor, an electrical phase sensor, a humidity sensor, and anelectromagnetic radiation sensor.
 14. A method comprising: mechanicallyconnecting an assembly to an electrical distribution panel substantiallyat a location of a main circuit breaker, the assembly comprising for aphase of an electrical distribution panel: a utility-side electricalconnector configured to be connected to a power meter conductor, acircuit breaker comprising a load-side electrical connector configuredto be connected to a load-side conductor of the electrical distributionpanel, a first mechanical lug electrically connected to the utility-sideelectrical connector, and a second mechanical lug electrically connectedto the circuit breaker, wherein the first mechanical lug and the circuitbreaker are electrically isolated, electrically connecting theutility-side electrical connector to the power meter conductor;electrically connecting the load-side electrical connector to a busbarof the electrical distribution panel; and electrically connecting atleast one of the first mechanical lug and the second mechanical lug toan alternative electrical energy source.
 15. The method of claim 14,wherein the assembly further comprises a front panel configured toprovide a dead-front to the electrical distribution panel.
 16. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the assembly further comprises a portconfigured to connect electrical wires to the first mechanical lug orthe second mechanical lug.
 17. The method of claim 14, furthercomprising a base that mechanically connects to a panel mechanicalconnector in the electrical distribution panel, and wherein the panelmechanical connector is configured to attach the circuit breaker to theelectrical distribution panel.
 18. An electrical distribution panelcomprising, for a phase of the electrical distribution panel: autility-side electrical connector configured to be connected to a powermeter conductor, a circuit breaker comprising a load-side electricalconnector configured to be connected to a load-side electrical conductorof the electrical distribution panel, a cover configured to preventcontact by a user with the electrical distribution panel, a firstmechanical lug electrically connected to the utility-side electricalconnector, and a second mechanical lug electrically connected to theload-side electrical conductor, wherein the first mechanical lug and thecircuit breaker are electrically isolated.
 19. The electricaldistribution panel of claim 18, further comprising a cover that isconfigured to provide a dead-front to the electrical distribution panel.20. The electrical distribution panel of claim 18, further comprising ahousing, wherein the utility-side electrical connector and the load-sideelectrical connector are disposed within the housing.